Eight sitting New England congressmen were rejected by the voters, and several others saw the writing on the wall and declined to seek re-election. In the ensuing 18 United States House of Representatives elections, some members of Congress who voted for the war paid the price. The governors of these two states, along with Rhode Island, refused to place their state militias under federal control for duty outside the territory of their respective states. Madison's War" erupted in those parts of the country where the opposition party, the Federalists, held sway, especially in Connecticut and Massachusetts. The manly spirit of that section of our country will not submit to be regulated by any foreign Power. They see, in the low price of their produce, the hand of foreign injustice they know well without the market to the continent, the deep and steady current of supply will glut that of Great Britain they are not prepared for the colonial state to which again that Power is endeavoring to reduce us. Speaking of the impact of the depressed cotton trade upon his fellow Southerners, Calhoun told Congress that: A number of contemporaries called it, "The second war for independence." Henry Clay and John Calhoun pushed a declaration of war through Congress, stressing the need to uphold American honor and independence. When the Embargo Act of 1807 failed to remedy the situation with the United Kingdom, with Britain refusing to rescind the Orders in Council (1807) and the French continuing their decrees, certain Democratic-Republicans known as war hawks felt compelled to persuade the United States government to declare war on the British. Many New Englanders opposed the conflict on political, economic, and religious grounds. Opposition to the War of 1812 was widespread in the United States, especially in New England. An engraving of Timothy Pitkin, the leader of the Federalist Party during the War of 1812.
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